Media and Its Affects - 1514 Words

Ruben Gonzalez Mrs. Buduson English 12 3/19/12 Entertainment and Social Media and their effects A nation like America is an example, of a country that has developed in terms of entertainment (Pearson 2). It is one of the countries that has got and has produced some of the greatest entertainers. The country is one of the leading producers of entertainment in the planet. In addition, it is one of the nations that there is a greater influence of entertainment on the younger generation. The effects of entertainment on the younger generation in America can be said to be both positive and negative. The influence is mostly on entertainment media such as television, radio, and the Internet. The influence on the upcoming generation†¦show more content†¦This is based on what is seen on the newspapers, magazines, or television. The product is seemed to be the best and most people make decisions based on what the media is showing. This creates influence, as people tend to trust the media. The same applies to the younger generation that is exposed to this form of entertainment. Th e effect and influence on the upcoming generation makes them buy what they watch over the televisions. This is mostly influenced by what they consider being their celebrities’ favorites. The upcoming generation will buy what favorite celebrity has advertised and what they deem to be acceptable in the society. This is based on the fashion that the media has created and imposed on the minds. The influence of the entertainment industry has had an effect on the youth’s obesity and anorexia nature. Many upcoming generations in the country are fighting obesity. This is happening, while, they are exposed to most advertisements that carry junk food advertisements. The advertisements are there, yet, they give ideal images of successful people as wealthy and thin. The women are the ones who are mostly affected with this type of influence. They are so obsessed with loosing even in cases which they are not declared as obese. Many women are thin in the society as they want to resem ble and look like the thin celebrities, and super models that they see in the images, in the entertainment industry. The women, are,Show MoreRelatedThe Media Affects Me?1313 Words   |  6 PagesThe Media Affects â€Å"Me†? When was the last time one stopped to think how much time he/she spends on the media, or the last time that one had a face to face conversation? According to the Pew Research Center, the use of smartphones in particular has increased an astounding 33% from 2011 to 2015 (Anderson). The media is affecting the general population, but most of all the development of children in more ways than adults, of which some may cause lifelong problems for the children. The use of the mediaRead MoreThe Media Affects On Police2002 Words   |  9 PagesMedia Affects On Police Josh Erwin Georgia Gwinnett College â€Æ' There are multiple issues the criminal justice system faces on a daily basis. One of the most recent issues the system faces is the outlook the public has on police officers. As you could imagine police and public relations are very important due to the fact that the police in all actuality work for the people. The police must preserve the rights of all individuals good and bad and without community relations it fosters mistrust, hostilityRead MoreSocial Media Its Affects on Relationships987 Words   |  4 Pages104 lt;Dategt; March 20, 2016 lt;Instructorgt; Megan Castles Social Media and the Affects it has on Relationships Welcome to the digital age. Today’s society is constantly logged onto social media sites such as Facebook, twitter or Instagram. It is often over looked how much influence those sites have. They are used regularly throughout people lives, it has practically become part of their routine. Social media keeps people in contact and updated on their relations with family members andRead MoreHow Does Media Affect The Media1834 Words   |  8 Pagesmanipulated by media because what we see on tv and the internet we do. Such as we see and outfit on tv and commercials or everybody is wearing it so we go and shop for that specific thing at a specific store. And what we see on Instagram or snapchat we think that it is immediatley cool because it was on a social media website. So personally I think today’s society is controlled by media because it has such a big influence on our social life, which makes us weak because we are letting reality tv, media and ourRead MoreHow Media Affec ts The Way Of Media Consumption2434 Words   |  10 PagesSummary The research conducts that how extent media are consumed by the contemporary immigrants, who is from East Asia, in London and how they perceive their nation’s news, Britain’s news and International news via certain media. Method of research is one to one interview followed by questionnaires, as well as additional oral questionnaires. Results of interview show that four of five interviewers usually check their nation’s news while do not check Britain’s domestic news. In addition, even theyRead MoreAffect of Social Media on Teenagers725 Words   |  3 PagesSocial media effect on Teenagers The best way to understand the definition of social media is to break it down. Social media is a relatively new form of communication; it’s a more advanced version of the older forms of communication like television, newspapers and radio. Examples of social networking and Micro blogging websites which are a main part of social media are Facebook, Twitter, MySpace, Tumblr, Google+ etc. In recent times, people have become more accustomed to using theseRead MoreMedia Negatively Affects Body Image1153 Words   |  5 PagesMedia negatively affects body image. medias are technology based platforms for opinions and facts, and have a wide spectrum of views. Body image must do with how one sees themselves and it can be either positive or negative. Across the board, the biggest platforms media has used to distort the image of the body are social media, TV, and magazines. Body images have been an ongoing controversial issue throughout history, especially with women, but with men as well. As technology grows and furthersRead MoreNegative Affects of Social Media Essay606 Words   |  3 PagesNgawang Dhondup Sherkis EQS22-07 Wrtg Wkshp 25 February 2013 Social media is like a game. Once you learn and get along with how to use these websites you get addicted to it. For example, now I am addicted to social media. Before I was introduced to social media I did all of my homework and was one of the top students in the class. From that moment I became engage to websites such as facebook, tweeter, ooVoo and instagram. It affected my life pessimistically. For instance, these days IRead MoreHow Violent Media Affects Children949 Words   |  4 PagesThere is a very important social issue that must be addressed to save our future generations from decline. The social issue I will be analyzing is how violence in media affects children. â€Å"Thus brutality itself becomes at once the means to success and the content of success –a success that is defined in its most general terms, not as accomplishment or specific gain, but simply as the unlimited possibility of aggression† (Warshow 433). Doing evil deeds to reach a certain lev el of success is how a gangsterRead MoreHow Media Affects Society Essay938 Words   |  4 PagesHow The Media Affects Society The media is undoubtedly a significant and influential aspect in modern day society. As a means of communication in a world very much advanced in technology, the media touches all types of people through various forms such as the radio, newspapers, televisions etc. The question remains: what information is left unbiased and untarnished? The people within society must sort through the many bits of information fed to them and unfortunately, in most cases, all bits

The Great Leap Forward Is Well Known For The Failed...

The Great Leap Forward is well-known for the failed economic and social campaign started by the Communist Party of China in between 1958 to 1961. The Communist triumph in China by mobilization of peasants and civilians to fend off Japanese military during World War II and the Nationalist soldiers in the civil war between 1946 and 1949. After the success of using the man power throughout the mobilization, the Party believed that they could apply the same method for the economic development. Before the Communist Party took over the country in 1949, China was in under poor agriculture based economy with its infancy level of industrialization which makes China remaining in less developed country. The majority of the population in the rural area lived upon the labor-intensive farming. In order to alleviate regarding issue, Mao assured that the central government need to induce the nation to focus on â€Å"the transition from socialism to communism† for the entire country (Mesiner, 1977, p. 227). The socialist state of the nation was yet to be consolidated in the beginning of 1958. The reorganization of the country from socialism to communism portrayed as idealistic idea under impoverished state. Nevertheless, the Party considered this immature state of socialist society as an opportunity to improve the nation as whole. In 1958, the new Chinese Communist Party initiated the Great Leap Forward movement which implementing the collectivization by merging small group of local farmers intoShow MoreRelatedMao Zedong Analysis1294 Words   |  6 PagesChina., †¦) Mao was the great contributor to united China, brought China out of the oppression of foreign country. From the Opium Wars in between the nineteenth century, Mao Zedong never stopped follow his goal by opened many campaign, and movement that help to develop the modernization of China. Mao was judge about his wrong policies conducted to make the Great Chinese Famine happened between 1959 to 1961 by the campaign of the Anti Right Campaign, the Great Leap Forward happened in 1958 to 1959Read MoreMao Zedong Essay1906 Words   |  8 Pagesthe name of Mao Zedong. Mao Zedong was a well-known communist leader in china who actually lead the Chinese Communist Party. He is one of the most important people/historical figures in history. At first he was helping China at the beginning of his ruling, nut then his actions had cause China to completely fall and breakout into violence and complete chaos!! Changing the views of his people because whatever good he had done did not matter anymore from his great down fall. During his ruling though someRead MoreThe era of Communist China and the Cultural Revolution963 Words   |  4 Pagescommonly known today as Communist China (â€Å"History of China†). Mao Zedong and the CPC supported socialism and Marxism-Leninist theories. Mao realized the need for social reconstruction and adopted the Soviet model for development. Despite the technical and economic problems China faced, Mao was aware of the cultural and political difficulties of the country’s development. â€Å"He believed that only through controlled conflict could China sustain social change† (Solomon 250). After multiple failed attemptsRead MoreThe Significance Of Mao Zedong s Leadership Essay11407 Words   |  46 Pagesdecisions to help certain groups but also made some very bad decisions that paid the price, in some cases killing millions. Due to the social and economic changes that then followed by a significant increase in the population and weak leadership that led to rebellions from 1911 that saw the end of 3500years of rule by the Chinese imperial dynasties. The social and economic chaos then led to the formation of two political parties. The CCP, led by Mao Zedong and the GMD led by Chiang Kai Shek. Mao and hisRead MoreIndia and China Overpopulation Essays1203 Words   |  5 Pagescreates an abundant amount of issues ranging from environmental and social problems. Nations attaining copious amounts of population introduce a wide array of problems to the world around and such nations. These environmental problems consist of but are not limited to lack of resources such as food and water; which may cause malnutrition in large populations, poor air quality, and overuse of fossil fuels such as petroleum. Social issues that arise from having a superabundant population consist ofRead MoreA Famous Phrase Attributed To Deng Xiaoping Is The Following:1336 Words   |  6 Pagescountries employ to limit the influx of foreign, â€Å"western† ideas that could threaten the government and the political culture. While there is little doubt that Russia’s system is less comprehensive and strict than China’s, it still serves its purpose well. Indeed, Internet regulation in Russia and China is highly effective in curtaining freedom, squashing opposition, and preventing the formation of more dissent, all of which could threaten the existence of the government. It is worth evaluating theRead MoreStarbucks Corporation : The Largest Coffee Company2117 Words   |  9 PagesIntroduction Starbucks Corporation which is known worldwide for their coffee company from Seattle Washington. It is the largest coffee company in the world, with Costa Coffee as their highest competition. Everyone knows what Starbucks is and the quality of their product. (Loxel 2015) When you walk into Starbucks you expect nothing but a good cup of coffee or whatever else your getting Starbucks grew so much in the last couple years. The company now has over 21,537 stores in 64 different countriesRead More China In The 20th Century Essay example2955 Words   |  12 Pagesenormous changes. From colonialism and imperialism to republicanism, from communism to capitalism, and from underdevelopment to a country maintaining over 10% economic growth for over ten years. In this research paper, I will focus on the transition of China from a Communist command economy to a type of market economy as well as the economic fluctuations throughout this period. In 1949 Oct 1, the Peopleamp;#8217;s Republic of China was established. Before 1949, there was a period of civilRead MoreArt Is A Powerful Tool1858 Words   |  8 Pagesinfluencing the people of China between 1966 and 1976, as well as why it was so successful. Mao Zedong; as a leader and his image Mao Zedong was one of the founders of the People’s Republic of China and was chairman to the communist nation until his death (Clark, 2008). He had always been portrayed as a super human and even depicted as God-like. He had been named many things such as the Great Leader, Supreme Commander, Great Teacher and Great Helmsman who possesses all the perfect qualities soughtRead MoreChina Research Paper6220 Words   |  25 PagesDynasty is well known for beginning the Great Wall of China, and it was the first to claim China. The Great Wall of China was to protect China from the invasion of the Xiongnu people from Mongolia. The Xiongnu tribe was Chinas main enemy at that time. The Chinese built the  Great Wall  to prevent them from entering and conquering China. Qin Shi Huang was known for being china’s first emperor. Next, was the Han Dynasty, known as the â€Å"Golden Era† of China was a period of peace, prosperity and economic growth

The San Francisco earthquake Free Essays

Earthquake is a shaking of the earth’s surface. According to the theory of plate tectonics, the earth’s crust is formed by a number of large plates that move very slowly in various directions on the earth’s surface. Most earthquakes occur near a boundary between two plates. We will write a custom essay sample on The San Francisco earthquake or any similar topic only for you Order Now As one plate pushes past or over another, great stresses build up in the rock along the edges of the plates because friction prevents them from sliding past each other. Eventually, the stresses become great enough to rupture the rock. The edges of the plates slip a short distance in opposite directions, causing an earthquake. The greater the stresses that have built up, the greater the resulting earthquake is. Some earthquakes are caused by the movement of lava beneath the surface of the earth during volcanic activity. The cause of earthquakes that occur in regions far from volcanoes or plate boundaries is uncertain. An earthquake is accompanied by three types of waves that vibrate the earth’s surface—primary, secondary, and surface waves. The primary wave alternately compresses and expands the rock of the earth’s interior. This wave moves through the earth at a speed that varies greatly. Under some conditions it is about five miles per second. The secondary wave shakes the rock sidewise as it advances. It travels through the interior of the earth about three-fifths as fast as the primary wave. While the Surface wave is the most damaging, resembles the waves produced when a stone is dropped in a puddle. The surface of the table has not vibrated more than a fraction of an inch. This is why a slight tremor in the earth can create havoc on the surface. Moreover, earthquakes toppled entire cities, killed thousands of persons, and caused disastrous fires and oceanic waves (tsunamis). However, most earthquakes, of which there are thousands each year, are relatively weak and cause little or no damage. No part of the world is entirely free of earthquakes, but they occur most frequently in areas in which the earth’s crust is still changing. These areas, called earthquakes belts, include the shores of the Pacific Ocean and an area extending from south-central Asia to the Mediterranean Sea. Major earthquakes often leave visible signs of their power, altering features on the earth’s surface. Reelfoot Lake in northwestern Tennessee was created by a series of earthquakes centered on New Madrid, Missouri, in 1811-12. The San Francisco earthquake of 1906 was associated with the great San Andreas Fault in California, a fracture in the earth’s surface that can be traced for more than 500 miles. An earthquake, even a small one, may be accompanied by a low, rumbling sound like thunder. The vibration of a mild quake feels like that caused by the passing of a heavy train. Large quakes are usually followed by many smaller quakes called aftershock. Aftershocks can occur during a period of several months after the original quake. How to cite The San Francisco earthquake, Papers

The inadequacy of agency theory and labour - MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss aboutThe inadequacy of agency theory and labor. Answer: Introduction Bucks Phyz is a company that has a medium size and obtains an annual turnover of $2.5 million. The particular issue that has been highlighted in the question is that the accountant of the company has been asked to review the sales process of the company on the basis of the key information that has been derived from the staff interviews. As mentioned in the case study the company has gone through a restructuring program within the sales team which hugely impacted the operating environment of the company. It has been further mentioned in the case study that the change in the key personnel might have affected business. Bucks Phyz also has been going through fraudulent behavior in the accounts department. Therefore, the present circumstances of the company are such that it cannot afford to incur any kind of revenue leakage. Thus, the internal control that is needed to be implemented within business has been evaluated in this particular study. Moreover, the decision of the introduction of the corporate credit cards has been analyzed. This study aims to provide an understanding of the internal controls that are an essential part of corporate governance and the how these controls effectively enhance the successful carrying out of the business operations. Overview of the sales process The particular sales process that has been adopted by business revolves around the new pricing tool that is utilized by the sales managers for the accurate calculation of the prices of the offers that are sent out. The particular fact that should be noted here is that the authorization in regards to the sales process is not adhered to, strictly by the managers. The Head of Sales, Barry has evidently stated in his interview that tough there is a standardized process in relation to the authorization policy, it has still not been mapped. The other issue associated with the sales process is that the standard contract template is not of desired quality. Lastly, the credit check process that involves the checking of the credit worthiness of a particular customer appears to be error free. The credit worthiness of a customer is checked from the agency website and the credit is granted to the customer if the rating is anything other than C. If the rating is C then a different payment method h as to be negotiated. Internal control issues in Buck Phyz sales process The effective reviewing of the sales process has led to identification of the following weaknesses in the business operation of the firm. Sales Process Internal control weakness Impact Recommendation Data entry The new customer data that is entered into the pricing template is not reviewed effectively as this according to the management would be irrational and would affect the cost benefit ratio (Mihret, 2014). The impact that such a internal control weakness could have is that the data related to customer might be wrongly entered into the system which could lead to potential loss of customer or may tantamount to breach of customer data security (William, Glover Prawitt, 2016). Segregation of duty in regards to the responsibility of reviewing the data that is entered into the pricing template would be beneficial for business. the particular recommendation that is applicable in such a situation is appointment of an employee in reviewing the pricing template data New Pricing tool The new pricing tool that has been incorporated in business needs the managers to be effectively trained for the optimal utilization of the tool (Mihret, 2014). The lack of effective training might lead to the wrong calculation of the offer prices which may affect business in a negative way (Li, 2015). Proper training in the utilization of the new pricing tool should be provided Authorization Policy The standardized process that is set up by the management in regards to the sales authorization policy is not strictly followed by any manager. This fact is known by the Head of Sales and is effectively supported as according to his opinion the existence of certain issues and constraints might restrict the adherence to the standardized process. (Boyle, 2015) The fact that the non compliance to the standardized process to the authorization policy is permitted by the managers, broaden the scope of fraudulent activities by the managers. The managers may send offers to the customers at prices that are much greater than the real value of the offer (DeFond Lennox, 2017) The standardized process that has been established by the management should be modified and the strict adherence to such a process should be mandated in order to avoid the occurrence of fraudulent activities Credit Check Process The particular credit check process incorporated and utilized by the company appears to be without error. However, the particular issue that is reported by Lucinda is that there have been several instances in which the credit checks had been performed on new customers after the sales contract was signed by the both the parties and that the invoices had been issued. Therefore, the lack of strict adherence to the credit check process may lead to the granting of credit to the unworthy customers that may lead to a potential loss (Mitra, Song, Yang, 2015). The impact that the lack of adherence to the credit check process may have is that it may lead to a huge loss incurred by the company as the credit may be granted to a party who is unable to repay it (Abernathy 2015). The evaluation of a particular customer in terms of credit worthiness should be mandatorily executed. The system should be such designed that omitting to check the credit worthiness of the customer would not permit a manager to go forward with the particular deal. Introduction of corporate credit cards The introduction of the corporate credit cards may turn out to be hugely profitable for business stated that the transactions for the purchase of services or products that are processed via the credit cards are applicable and really necessary for business. The introduction of the corporate credit cards broadens the risk scope of business by leaps and bounds. However, the numerous advantages that are enjoyed by business due to the providence of the corporate credit cards cover up for the potential risks faced by the business. The introduction of the corporate credit cards will effectively reduce the hassles that are related to the transfer of payments by the company to the suppliers account. Furthermore, the introduction of the corporate credit cards will also hugely simplify the process of reimbursement thus, reducing the cost of operations (Knechel Salterio, 2016). The particular internal control that should be implemented by the management of BucksPhyz in order to minimize the impact of the risks related with the introduction of the corporate credit cards is that a particular team should be formed in order to monitor the transactions that are conducted via the corporate credit cards. The finance department staff should be selected in order to form the group for the purpose of authorizing the transactions that are incurred with the corporate credit cards so that no fraudulent activities are carried out (Wu Tuttle, 2014). The particular recommendation to the CEO of the company would be that the issuance of the corporate credit cards should only be restricted to the key personnel, who are involved with the core processes of business. For instance, the situation that has been mentioned in the booking of the training course could be paid for, by the corporate credit cards that would have been allotted to the core human resource personnel after proper authorization by the finance team (Abbott, 2016). References Abbott, L. J., Daugherty, B., Parker, S., Peters, G. F. (2016). Internal audit quality and financial reporting quality: The joint importance of independence and competence. Journal of Accounting Research, 54(1), 3-40. Abernathy, J., Hackenbrack, K. E., Joe, J. R., Pevzner, M., Wu, Y. J. (2015). Comments of the Auditing Standards Committee of the Auditing Section of the American Accounting Association on PCAOB Staff Consultation Paper, Auditing Accounting Estimates and Fair Value Measurements: Participating Committee Members. Current Issues in Auditing, 9(1), C1-C11. Boyle, J. F., Gramling, A. A., Hermanson, D. R., Hermanson, H. M. (2015). Audit committee material weaknesses in smaller reporting companies: still struggling. Journal of Forensic Investigative Accounting, 7(1), 110-121. DeFond, M. L., Lennox, C. S. (2017). Do PCAOB Inspections Improve the Quality of Internal Control Audits?. Journal of Accounting Research, 55(3), 591-627. Knechel, W. R., Salterio, S. E. (2016). Auditing: Assurance and risk. Taylor Francis. Li, C., Raman, K. K., Sun, L., Wu, D. (2015). The SOX 404 internal control audit: Key regulatory events. Research in Accounting Regulation, 27(2), 160-164. Mihret, D. G. (2014). How can we explain internal auditing? The inadequacy of agency theory and a labor process alternative. Critical Perspectives on Accounting, 25(8), 771-782. Mitra, S., Song, H., Yang, J. S. (2015). The effect of Auditing Standard No. 5 on audit report lags. Accounting Horizons, 29(3), 507-527. William Jr, M., Glover, S., Prawitt, D. (2016). Auditing and assurance services: A systematic approach. McGraw-Hill Education. Wu, Y. J., Tuttle, B. (2014). The Interactive Effects of Internal Control Audits and Manager Legal Liability on Managers Internal Controls Decisions, Investor Confidence, and Market Prices. Contemporary Accounting Research, 31(2), 444-468.

Utilizing Pumpkins as a “Reverse” Trap Crop Essay Example

Utilizing Pumpkins as a â€Å"Reverse† Trap Crop Essay In the world of agriculture, trap crops are normally used to lure pests away from a commercial crop by presenting the pest with a more attractive alternative. But when conducting research to develop new seed traits that provide better yield, drought resistance, or even insect resistance, trap crops can be used to test the performance of a new trait.The western corn rootworm beetle (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera) causes billions of dollars in damage to corn crops throughout the United States each year. Recent seed research has helped develop new corn varieties to combat this problem. These new varieties of corn have a protein (Bt protein) that causes stomach distress in adult western corn rootworm beetles that result in death. Thus, the pest resistance is literally bred into the seed, eliminating the need for harmful pesticides. This type of corn is considered to be rootworm resistant.Normally, in order to be able to â€Å"test† the performance of a specific rootworm resistant corn variety, a test plot has to be infested with western corn rootworm eggs manually. This tends to be costly and very labor intensive. The infested eggs then develop into larva, which feed on underground roots. Adult rootworms feed on the above ground tissue of the corn plant. Both the roots and the above ground tissue contain the Bt protein. The corn plant is then â€Å"harvested† prior to the pollination period in a process called a â€Å"root dig†.During a ‘root dig† the corn plant is cut off at approximately two feet above the ground, the roots are dug up and rinsed with a high power stream of water to expose the roots which are then rated for damage by the corn rootworm larva. Based on the data collected during the â€Å"root dig†, researchers are able to evaluate the effectiveness of the resistance that is bred into that variety of corn. Root dig washing process is shown in picture on the left. Diagram of corn root damage by corn rootworm be etles is shown in picture on the right.HYPOTHESIS: What if one could utilize a â€Å"trap crop† to entice the adult western corn rootworm beetle to a test plot, allowing the adults to feed and eventually lay their eggs? I predict that by adding pumpkins (independent variable) as a trap crop in rootworm resistant corn will allow for a greater number of eggs (dependent variable) to be deposited in the test plot naturally versus the rootworm resistant corn without the trap crop, therefore eliminating the need for manual infestation.To test this hypothesis, we selected pumpkins to plant as a trap crop in a one acre square plot containing rootworm resistant corn. This would be the independent variable in this experiment. It is known that the adult western corn rootworm beetle is highly attracted to pumpkin vines and flowers. A second test plot of the same size (same farm) would be planted with the same variety of rootworm resistant corn without the pumpkin crop. The dependent vari able would be the egg counts in both test plots. The control in this experiment would be utilizing acreage on the same farm.Special steps were taken to replicate the exact soil conditions by a pre-planting soil analysis; utilizing the same â€Å"batch† of chemical in herbicide spray applications, and the close proximity to each other to control factors such as precipitation, number of days with full sunshine, humidity, etc. This will aid in controlling the experiment’s internal validity and act as a guide in any subsequent replications of this experiment. Adult western corn rootworm beetles are shown on a pumpkin flower in the picture on the left.Damage by rootworm beetles on a mature pumpkin shown in picture on the right. Pumpkins were planted in the test plot # 2 in the spring of 2012 and were allowed to mature naturally. During flowering, a sizable increase in the adult rootworm beetle was observed in test plot #2. Based on the observable increase in adults, we pred icted that there will also be an increase in the number of eggs in said test plot when compared to the number of eggs in the test plot without trap crop (pumpkins). Soil samples will then be collected and analyzed for egg counts.If it is proven that planting a trap crop increases egg counts naturally, there could be a considerable cost savings in the process of evaluating the effectiveness of desirable traits in corn. This experiment was conducted at an agricultural Ramp;D site in northwestern Indiana during the summer of 2012 in preparation for this task. Egg count data has been received and is currently being evaluated in preparation for the 2013 planting season. In preparation for this experiment, several independent scientific papers were reviewed. Sorghum as a Trap Crop for Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in Cotton in the Southern United States†, P. G. Tillman (1); â€Å"Case Study: Trap Crop with Pheromone Traps for Suppressing Euschistus servus (Heteropt era: Pentatomidae) in Cotton†, P. G. Tillman and T. E. Cottrell (2) and â€Å"Trap Cropping to Manage Green Vegetable Bug Zezara viridula (L. ) (Hereroptera: Pentatomidae) in Sweet Corn in New Zealand†, James H. Rea, Stephen D. Warren, Richard Sedcole, Peter J. Cameron, Stuart I. Davis, R. Bruce Chapman (3) were considered for background information.These studies were helpful in explaining the commercial use of trap crops as an effective method of removing pests from cash crops and served as a basis for our unique application of a â€Å"reverse† trap crop in testing the effectiveness of ongoing corn research. Testing methods were similar but our research did not include any type of Pheromone study. Our experiment was based on the premise that by planting pumpkins in the test plot (known to attract western corn rootworm beetle), we could naturally increase the numbers of western corn rootworm beetle eggs in that plot.An increase in the number of naturally occurrin g eggs could result in a significant reduction in our annual research expenses. - KEY WORDS:western corn rootworm beetle (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera), trap crop, rootworm resistant corn. - METHODS and MATERIALS: This experiment was conducted at a seed research and development facility in northwestern Indiana during the 2012 growing season in preparation for RINT Task 3.This method of scientific design was chosen because it is a replication of a similar experiment conducted at a research and development facility in Iowa and has shown viable results. It was designed to compare the viability of planting a trap crop to attract the western corn rootworm beetle to evaluate the performance of corn containing rootworm resistant traits from different areas of the Midwest. The acreage, chemicals, sampling tools and laboratory facilities were readily available. In addition, if the hypothesis can be proven to be true, there is a potential for cost savings in other areas of our research.Inse ct Species: Western corn rootworm beetle (Diabrotica virgifera virgifera). Corn rootworm larvae can destroy significant percentages of corn if left untreated. In the United States, current estimates show that 30 million acres (120,000  km? ) of corn (out of 80 million grown) are infested with corn rootworms and that area is expected to grow over the next 20 years. The USDA estimates that corn rootworms cause $1 billion in lost revenue each year, which includes $800 million in yield loss and $200 million in cost of treatment for corn growers (The Dow Chemical Company). (4)Shown above from left to right, corn plant damage in the field and examples of actual root damage done by western corn rootworm beetles in the center and right picture. Healthy roots are shown as a full root system; damaged roots are short to nonexistent. Sampling Technique: Using a golf course cup cutter, take 4† diameter x 4† deep soil core samples. Collect ten (10) core samples per acre (trial area) . Core samples should be taken at various locations within the test plot. Include samples taken from within the corn rows and between rows. Place core samples in individual gallon bags.Be sure to break up any large clumps and remove stalks and other residue. Making the soil as fine as possible will aid in the washing process. Send individual samples to a laboratory with capabilities to wash eggs and provide egg counts. Taking multiple core samples at various locations throughout the test plot and then analyzing all ten (10) samples separately allows for a broader analysis of the entire test plot. The measuring unit of one (1) pint that was chosen for the final sample allows the lab sufficient soil to run the required tests.Once the samples arrive at the laboratory, each individual sample is mixed with a saturated salt solution. A sample of this mixture is then placed on a special microscope slide (Whitlock Universal or Whitlock McMaster). The saturated salt solution makes the rootwo rm eggs float to the top of the mixture in the slide where they are then counted. Data was collected from each individual sample to obtain egg counts for each test plot. EXPERIMENT: Two, one (1) acre test plots were selected at opposite ends of a ten (10) acre field. Soil type, topography, and precipitation were identical.Each plot was measured at 200 ft. wide by 220’ deep and marked off with flags. This is approximately one (1) square acre. Both fallow (empty ground) test plots were plowed utilzing a chisel plow set at a depth of six (6) inches to turn the soil over and prepare the soil for planting. Both test plots were then planted using a four (4) row custom bulk planter and a rootworm resistant variety of corn. The corn rows were spaced 30† apart. The corn seed within the rows was spaced 6† inches apart. Each test plot had a total of 80 rows of corn. Both test plots were also treated with Glyphosate in a concentration of 1. quarts to 15 gallons of water to ki ll any existing weeds. This amount of Glyphosate solution was enough to cover one (1) test plot. It was replicated twice to cover both test plots in the experiment. Once the rootworm resistant corn had been planted in both test plots, a trap crop of pumpkins was also planted throughout the test plot #2 (independent variable), utilizing a custom two (2) row planter. Pumpkin seeds were planted in between the rows of corn, spaced five (5’) feet apart. A cable winder was used to mark off the five (5’) foot increments needed to plant the pumpkins.A cable winder is used with a custom planter and calibrated to â€Å"click† when it is time to manually drop the seed. Both plots were allowed to grow throughout the summer. Visual observations were made in each plot, on the first Monday of each week between July 1st and September 1st to obtain adult rootworm beetle population counts. Ten observations in multiple locations across the test plots were taken each time. Random p umpkin plants were selected to count the total number of adult rootworm beetles in each observation. After harvest, prior to the first hard frost, soil core samples were taken, following the above mentioned sampling procedure.Core samples were then sent to an outside laboratory for analysis. - RESULTS: An increase in adult rootworm beetles was observed in test plot #2 (with pumpkins) when compared to test plot #1 (without pumpkins) but without soil egg count analysis, this data in inconclusive. Solid data is available once soil samples are analyzed for egg counts (dependent variable). Historically more than ten (10) eggs in a pint sample of soil are considered to be a high amount. In 2012, test plot #1 and #2 both showed an average of approximately two (2) eggs per pint sample.Samples taken at four different test sites in Iowa yielded six (6), zero (0), one (1) and four (4) eggs respectively or an average of 2. 75 eggs per pint sample. All data collected is reflecting little to no m easurable increase in the total number of western corn rootworm eggs that are occurring naturally when using a trap crop. Egg Count Core Sample Data for Test Plot #1 and Test Plot #2 Test Plot #1|   |   | Test Plot #2|   | |   |   |   |   | Core Sample #| Egg Count #|   | Core Sample #| Egg Count #| 1| 0|   | 1| 0| 2| 1|   | 2| 3| 3| 0|   | 3| 2| 4| 1|   | 4| 2| 5| 4|   | 5| 3| 6| 3|   | 6| 2| | 2|   | 7| 1| 8| 2|   | 8| 0| 9| 1|   | 9| 2| 10| 0|   | 10| 2| Ave # of Eggs| 1. 4|   | Ave # of Eggs| 1. 7| Egg Counts in Test Plot #1 Compared to Test Plot #2 Number of Eggs/Pint Sample Number of Samples/ One (1) Acre Test Plot - CONCLUSION: Based on the data that was collected, there did not seem to be a significant increase in the number of western corn rootworm eggs occurring naturally in test plot #2 when compared to test plot #1, even though there was an observable increase in adult western corn rootworm beetles in test plot #2.Where test plot #2 contained the trap crop (independent variable) and test plot #1 that did not contain a trap crop (dependant variable) in a single ten (10) acre test strip (constant variable). After carefully analyzing the data that was collected during this experiment, I have concluded that the introduction of a trap crop (pumpkins) to attract adult western rootworm beetles in rootworm resistant corn does not significantly increase naturally occurring corn rootworm beetle eggs. This data disproves my hypothesis that it would significantly increase the number of naturally occurring eggs.No cost savings can be associated with this experiment and conventional infestation methods are just as effective as this experimental method. DESIGN AND REPLICATION: The experimental design to test this hypothesis was constructed with ease of replication in mind. It utilizes simple techniques and materials that are readily available at most seed research and development sites. If the design is poor or if proper samp ling procedures are not followed then data in the experiment can be skewed, resulting in unreliable data.Based on potential cost savings in research, unreliable data can be an expensive mistake. In addition, if the design is well done, an increase of reliable data is shown time and time again with the same results. Replication is so important because it gives validity to the experiment’s results. As the same data shows the same results and the same conclusions over multiple replications, that data can become accepted as scientific fact. REFERENCES: (1) http://www. ars. usda. gov/sp2UserFiles/person/5648/PDF/ARIS 8-Sorghum as a Trap Crop for SGSB. d Tillman, P. G. 2006. Sorghum as a trap crop for Nezara viridula L. (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in cotton in the southern United States. Environmental Entomology. 35(3):771-783. (2) http://www. hindawi. com/journals/psyche/aip/401703 Tillman, P. G. , Cottrell, T. E. 2012. Case Study: Trap crop with pheromone traps for suppressing eu schistus servus (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in cotton. Psyche. DOI: 10. 1155/2012/401703. (3) http://onlinelibrary. wiley. com/doi/10. 1046/j. 1461-9563. 2002. 00130. x/full Rea, J.H. , Wratten, S. D. , Sedcole, R. , Cameron, P. J. , Davis, S. I. and Chapman, R. B. (2002), Trap cropping to manage green vegetable bug Nezara virdula (L. ) (Heteroptera: Pentatomidae) in sweet corn in New Zealand. Agricultural and Forest Entomology, 4: 101-107. doi: 10. 1046/j. 1461 (4) http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Diabrotica_virgifera; The Dow Chemical Company. Product Safety Assessment (PSA): Herculex RW Rootworm Protection. September 26, 2006. URL: http://www. dow. com/productsafety/finder/herculex. htm.

Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy

As today’s family values slowly decline, teenage pregnancy becomes a major concern in today's society. Each year teenage girls are getting pregnant at a younger and younger age with no guarantee of a father by their side. Many girls are left with the responsibility of supporting young children financially, and many girls aren’t even ready for the responsibility of caring for another human being. As far as I am concerned, this family issue is very interesting because the teenage parent has a lot of challenges that must be overcame and decided. The two main ones are continuing education, and financial problems. Pregnant teenagers have the right to finish their education. It may be hard, but it is not impossible. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. In some schools they stay in their regular classes, but in others they are placed in special classes for pregnant teenagers. These classes’ help parents learn about pregnancy, prenatal care, and parenting skills. Some schools even have childcare. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also decrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. It is important for teenage parents to complete high school. A lot of jobs require high school diplomas. The statistics show that teenagers who dropout usually work minimum wage jobs in the community. Having a high school diploma enables them to have more career choices. The other most important challenge of a teenage parent is financial problems. Teenagers face more financial problems than older parents. Even if both parents work, they lack the education or skills needed to obtain a job that can support a family. This is why many teen mothers rely on welfare. Many teen parents ... Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy I’m quite sure most of us came back to school in August thinking, â€Å"Dang! Some people had a very interesting summer.† I don’t know how it was for you guys, but every time I turned around I saw a new face, a new expecting mother. This article is not written to offend or criticize anyone, but it is meant to inform students of the risks and responsibilities of teen pregnancy. Every year, nearly one million teen girls get pregnant. At first I thought that girls just â€Å"slipped up†, but after asking for the opinions of several students and staff members, I have learned that most teen pregnancies are planned. According to the National Campaign to Prevent Teen Pregnancy, almost 60% of teen pregnancies are intended. Of that percentage, more than half of teen mothers cite emotional void as the reason they became pregnant. P.E. Instructor Sherry Jackson said, â€Å"Pregnancy at Thornridge High School is a competition to fill a void. Some girls are not receiving the love and attention they require and are therefore turning to pregnancy as a solution.† Senior Jennifer Stazzone said, â€Å"In some situations, girls have kids because they want that feeling of being loved or they want someone to love. This happens because they may not get that kind of attention from their parents, and they feel like it’s them against the world. Girls also get pregnant to keep the guy they’re with.† Of the remaining teen mothers whose pregnancies are intended, 40% cite a desire to hold on to the baby’s father as the reason they got pregnant. Fact #1: Sex won’t make him yours, and a baby won’t make him stay. Not only does getting pregnant result in having a child, but it could result in medical problems including, but not limited to, poor weight gain, pregnancy-induced hypertension, anemia, sexual transmitted diseases, and even death. It has been proven that teens experience a maternal death rate 2.5 times greater than t... Free Essays on Teenage Pregnancy As today’s family values slowly decline, teenage pregnancy becomes a major concern in today's society. Each year teenage girls are getting pregnant at a younger and younger age with no guarantee of a father by their side. Many girls are left with the responsibility of supporting young children financially, and many girls aren’t even ready for the responsibility of caring for another human being. As far as I am concerned, this family issue is very interesting because the teenage parent has a lot of challenges that must be overcame and decided. The two main ones are continuing education, and financial problems. Pregnant teenagers have the right to finish their education. It may be hard, but it is not impossible. The outcome of teenage pregnancy turns out better if the mother goes back to school after she has given birth. Staying in school may help to prevent teenage mothers from having a second pregnancy. In some schools they stay in their regular classes, but in others they are placed in special classes for pregnant teenagers. These classes’ help parents learn about pregnancy, prenatal care, and parenting skills. Some schools even have childcare. Schools that provide daycare centers on campus reduce the incidence of teenagers dropping out of school. These school programs also decrease the likelihood that the teen mother will have more children. It is important for teenage parents to complete high school. A lot of jobs require high school diplomas. The statistics show that teenagers who dropout usually work minimum wage jobs in the community. Having a high school diploma enables them to have more career choices. The other most important challenge of a teenage parent is financial problems. Teenagers face more financial problems than older parents. Even if both parents work, they lack the education or skills needed to obtain a job that can support a family. This is why many teen mothers rely on welfare. Many teen parents ...

Branches of Government Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Branches of Government Paper - Essay Example This principle of the separation of powers is embedded in the American system of checks and balances. The system is quite a complex set-up but has amazingly worked for the past centuries since this country gained its independence from its former colonial master (Hargrove, 2000, p. 8). Main Benefits – besides safeguarding democracy and freedom in the new nation by ensuring no one individual gains absolute political power, each of the three branches are also independent and co-equal from each other. In other words, the three branches which are the executive, legislative and judicial branches can check and balance on the other two branches. It was the great French political philosopher and social commentator Montesquieu who gave the founding fathers this idea of separation of powers as a preventive measure against abuses and some critics of this system had said it had led to periods of political paralysis in which an agenda of the government cannot be pursued due to blocks within this system. The main benefit of this separation of powers through checks and balances is that all three branches are encouraged to do their best in performing their duties and responsibilities least they be criticized and censured by the other two branches of the government.

Story Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Story - Essay Example But the plagiarism was just too much to be ignored. There were entire passages and paragraphs that had been copy-pasted from the web. Jason Blair was a rising journalist in 2003 (Bailey). He was rendering his services to the New York Times as a reporter. Everything was going fine until one day, an editor at the San Antonio Express-News found out certain common things between a column written by Blair and a previous report authored by Macarena Hernandez. This led to the starting of an investigation by the Times into Blair. As a result of the investigation, 36 out of the total of 73 articles written by Blair were found to contain fabrication, plagiarism, or some other kind of unethical behavior (Bailey). Blair was left with no option but to resign from his job as a reporter and a journalist from the New York Times. Bailey, Jonathan. â€Å"5 Famous Plagiarists: Where Are They Now?† Plagiarism Today. 21 Aug. 2012. Web. 16 Apr. 2015. . Grimes, A. C. â€Å"5 Insanely Blatant Acts of Plagiarism by Famous People.† 18 Feb. 2014. Web. 16 Apr. 2015.

Reform Laws and Divorce Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Reform Laws and Divorce - Essay Example This paper shall argue on the causes of divorce, while pointing out to the reasons for reform laws on marriages and divorce in the process. A marriage is a standard union between two individuals that are committed to one another and they are to live for each other with the two parties developing common interest, which are economically related in some cases. In marriage, the husband and wife are expected to have a lifetime bond and the strength of this bond all depends on how they could effectively manage their relationship and it is the mismanagement of relationships that ultimately lead to divorce. It is a known fact that most of the divorce cases are filed by women and this is due to the fact that the society has made women to play second fiddle in relationships and when they feel they are no longer enjoying the relationship, they sue for divorce. According to the American Law and Economics Review, more than two-thirds of divorce cases in the United States are filed by women (Brini g & Douglas 126, Khun & John 31) A marriage would surely stand on a proper economic foundation and if the necessary things are not done, the foundation on which the marriage was built would collapse. This is to say that a marriage that the husband or the man of the house cannot meet up with the responsibility in the house in terms of matching his income with the finances at home would begin to crumble. A relationship that is marred by lack of finances or proper management of finance cannot stand and the marriage would ultimately fail. In this case, there needs to be some reform laws on the union of two people as it must be clearly stated that people that are not financially capable to start a family should not even make any attempt to get married in the first place. If this is done, divorce cases that arise as a result of the inability of the husband to cater for the financial needs of the family would never arise (Brinig & Douglas 127). There are several divorce situations that the bride accuses her husband of not being financially capable enough to cater for the family and then sues for divorce and after the hearing of the divorce, the two married parties are legally separated with the husband paying some sum of money for the upkeep of his ex-wife and if they have any issue between them, he is also responsible for the upkeep of the children. Thus, if there have been reform laws that have mandated the wife to ensure that she wants to get married to someone that would take care of the finances of herself and the issue that comes after the marriage, these cases of divorce would be to the barest minimum. Parents hold the responsibility of catering for their children and when this obligation is not fulfilled there could be some cracks in the walls in the family system and this could be the effect of an improperly planned marriage system. Divorce follows an improperly managed marriage, thus there should be some reforms law that seeks to monitor the management of m arriages and this would go a long way to teach the couples the consequences of mismanaging their homes. Some of the reasons women sue for divorce is due to the financial and economical incentives they stand to gain from the dissolution of their marriage and the fact that it is the women that gain more from

Additive Manufacturing; Stereolithography in Dentistry

Additive Manufacturing; Stereolithography in Dentistry Introduction: Digital revolution because of computers has made the previously manual tasks much easier, faster and more reliable at a reduced cost. Such modifications are always welcomed in dentistry, especially from materials and manufacturing perspective. The digital revolution in the form of dental CAD–CAM took place many years ago, since than many modified systems have appeared on the market with great rapidity. It is expected that another digital dental revolution will take over dentistry in the form of layered fabrication techniques, once they are able to produce high quality dental prostheses. This situation has also posed great challenge for the material scientists in the form of materials that are suitable for long term use in dentistry and oral environment. This can potentially take dental materials research in a totally different direction. Additive manufacturing: Dentistry is the most suited field for additive manufacturing, as it is associated with rapid production of customized units made to fit the patient with high degree of precision and accuracy. In principle it creates a series of cross-sectional slices from a 3D computer file which are then printed one on top of the other to create the 3D object without any material being wasted. Additive manufacturing technologies includes many and Stereolithography (SLA) is one of them. Stereolithography (SLA) Stereolithography (SLA) is the most widely used rapid prototyping technology. The term â€Å"Stereolithography† was first introduced in 1986 by Charles W. Hull, who defined it as a method for making solid objects by successively printing thin layers of an ultraviolet curable material, one on top of the other. Materials and Required time: A number of materials that the industry uses have increased greatly and modern machines can utilize a broad array of photo curable polymers. Timing depends on the size and number of objects being created, the laser might take a minute or two for each layer (a typical run 6 to 12 h). One can now even print 50 to 80 dental crown units in 56 minutes with high quality mode. Applications in dentistry: Dental applications are very suitable for processing by means of SLA due to their complex geometries, low volume and strong individualization. Most common are models fabricated from intraoral or impression scans. However, popularity is gaining for orthodontics and removable prosthodontics. 1. Production of anatomical models: SLA models are preferred because of higher strength, higher temperature resistance, lower moisture absorption, and lower shrinkage. They can be sterilized for surgical use, and literature has shown superior accuracy (Barker et al., 1994, Choi et al., 2002, Cunningham et al., 2005). Table-1 summarizes basic characteristics of the three most common types of 3-D models used in the United States. SLA clinical models are used as an aid to diagnosis, preoperative planning and implant design and manufacturing. Surgeons use models to help plan surgeries but prosthetists and technologists also use models as an aid to the design and manufacturing of custom-fitting implants. These models are particularly very useful for restorative rehabilitation of oral cancer patients. Medical models are frequently used to help in the construction of Cranioplasty plates. The models are effective tools to facilitate patient education and as a teaching aid for students and ju nior colleagues. 2. Manufacture of crowns and bridges, resin models: Its use is gradually being extended to include the manufacture of temporary crowns and bridges and resin working models for loss wax casting. 3. Production of removable partial denture frameworks: The removable partial denture frameworks is made using rapid prototyping, SLA technique. It was developed by 3D Systems of Valencia, CA, USA in 1986. 4. Production of individually-customized digital aligner models for orthodontic use: Whole trays of individually-customized aligner models which serve as extremely accurate base-mold tools upon which the clear aligners are then thermoformed, can be produced by this additive technique. 5. Manufacturing of scaffolds for bioengineering and nerve guide conduits: Scaffolds for bioengineering and nerve guide conduits for peripheral nerve regeneration are the newer applications of a similar process i.e. microstereolithography ( µ SLA). Future advancements: With the improvements in the speed, reliability, and accuracy of the hardware, additive manufacturing will seriously compete with traditional manufacturing in creating end-use products. Many possible biomedical engineering applications might be available in the coming years. Conclusion: It will still be many years before the machines will be able to produce work of a quality that can be achieved by the best dental technologists in the world. For the dental materials scientist these technologies will throw up a whole new way of materials processing and with it the opportunity to use a whole new range of materials. Table-1 Basic characteristics of 3 D models (Choi et al., 2002) References and further reading: Barker, T.M, Earwaker, W.J.S, Lisle D.A. (1994) Accuracy of stereolithographic models for human anatomy.Australas Radiol,38(106). Berman, B. (2012) 3-D printing: The new industrial revolution.Business horizons,55(2), 155-162. Cassetta, M., Giansanti, M., Di Mambro, A., Stefanelli, L. V. (2013) Accuracy of Positioning of Implants Inserted Using a Mucosa-Supported Stereolithographic Surgical Guide in the Edentulous Maxilla and Mandible.The International journal of oral maxillofacial implants,29(5), 1071-1078. Choi, J.Y., Choi, J.H., Kim N.K. (2002) Analysis of errors in medical rapid prototyping models.Int J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 31(23). doi: 10.1054/ijom.2000.0135. Cunningham, L., Madsen, M., Peterson, G. (2005) Stereolithographic modeling technology applied to tumor resection.J Oral Maxillofac Surg, 63, 873–878. Gauvin, R., Chen, Y. C., Lee, J. W., Soman, P., Zorlutuna, P., Nichol, J. W., Khademhosseini, A. (2012) Microfabrication of complex porous tissue engineering scaffolds using 3D projection stereolithography.Biomaterials, 33(15), 3824-3834. Mehra, P., Miner, J., D’Innocenzo, R., Nadershah, M. (2011) Use of 3-D stereolithographic models in oral and maxillofacial surgery.Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery,10(1), 6-13. Melchels, F. P., Feijen, J., Grijpma, D. W. (2010) A review on stereolithography and its applications in biomedical engineering.Biomaterials, 31(24), 6121-6130. Morris, L., Sokoya, M., Cunningham, L., Gal, T. J. (2013) Utility of stereolithographic models in osteocutaneous free flap reconstruction of the head and neck.Craniomaxillofacial trauma reconstruction,6(2), 87. Patel, M., Al-Momani, Z., Hodson, N., Nixon, P., Mitchell, D. (2013) Computerized tomography, stereolithography and dental implants in the rehabilitation of oral cancer patients.Dental update,40(7), 564-6. Tasaki, S., Kirihara, S., Soumura, T. (2011, November) Fabrication of Ceramic Dental Crowns by using Stereolithography and Powder Sintering Process. In Ceramic Engineering and Science Proceedings (Vol. 32(8), 141-146). American Ceramic Society, Inc., 735 Ceramic Place Westerville OH 43081 United States. Van Noort, R. (2012) The future of dental devices is digital.Dental Materials, 28(1), 3-12.

The Human Foot and Ankle Essay -- Biology, Bones, Joints

Introduction The human foot and ankle are composed of 26 bones, 33 joints, and more than a hundred muscles, tendons and ligaments. These components work together to provide the body with support, balance and mobility. The foot acts as a â€Å"rigid lever and mobile adapter† (Amstrong [Prosthetic feet], 2010). The human foot must be capable of withstanding the body’s weight and functions as a shock absorber (Swierzewski, 2007; NYU, 1990). The prosthetic foot needs to be capable of mimicking the missing natural foot, to make for the most efficient gait pattern. When due to disease, accident or developmental malformation a natural foot is absent a prosthetic foot is used to mimic the missing limb in an attempt to create the most efficient gait pattern. The prosthetist must choose from numerous types of prosthetic feet, depending upon the patient’s physical condition and life-style needs (Swierzewski, 2007). Gait Cycle The human gait cycle is comprised of multiple sequential steps. It begins with the heel of the foot contacting the ground and ends when that same foot contacts the ground again (Perry, 1992). The period of the gait cycle that the foot is on the ground is called the stance phase. The period when the foot is in the air is called the swing phase. The phases of the gait cycle are initial contact (IC), loading response (LR), mid-stance (MSt), terminal stance (TSt), pre-swing (PSw), initial swing (ISw), mid-swing (MSw) and terminal swing (TSw). There are three primary functions of the gait cycle, which are weight acceptance, single limb support, and limb advancement. Weight acceptance occurs during initial contact and loading response. During these phases, the limb is stabilized to prevent falling and the foot fun... ...activities. The main disadvantage of this foot is that it costs more than other feet, and can only be used by patients at the K3 level or above (Lusardi & Nielsen, 2007). Manufactures There are several different manufactures of prosthetic feet such as Ossur, Ottobock, Ohio Willow Wood, and SPS. Most companies specialize in adult feet though there are some manufactures such as Ossur that have a special pediatric line. On the companies’ websites, feet are organized based on K level and further categorized based upon male or female. Prosthetic feet come in different lengths in centimeters and left or right. They also are grouped by weight of the patient that can safely use the foot. Some feet come in different skin colors and others have a space between the big toe and second toe to accommodate the user who wants to wear flip-flops or shoes with toe straps.